The World of Apples

The words for apple

The word for apple around the world: where each word came from, and what its borrowing records.

Language Word Where it came from Spoken around Sources
Afrikaans appel From Dutch appel, attested around 1100 South Africa and Namibia 1, 2, 3
Albanian mollë From Proto-Albanian *mālā, akin to Greek mēlon and Latin mālum, either inherited alongside them or borrowed from one (uncertain) Albania and Kosovo; also North Macedonia 4, 5, 6, 3
Aleut yaavlukax̂ Borrowed from Russian yabloko (likely) United States and Russia 5, 7, 8
Arabic تفاح tuffāḥ An old Semitic word, with cousins in Hebrew and Ugaritic Official in 26 territories, among them Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Iraq 9, 10, 3
Armenian խնձոր xnjor From Old Armenian xnjor, borrowed from Hurrian ḫinzuri or a related Urartian word (likely) Armenia 5, 11, 3
Assamese আপেল āpel From English apple India 12, 3
Avar гӏеч ʻeč A Daghestanian word, akin to Lezgian ič (likely) Russia 5, 13, 3
Azerbaijani alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma, through Old Anatolian Turkish (likely) Azerbaijan 5, 14, 3
Basque sagar Inherited from Proto-Basque *sagar; recorded from 1089. Basque is a language isolate, the last of the languages spoken in south-western Europe before Roman times Spain; also France 15, 16, 5, 17, 3
Belarusian яблык âblyk From Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko, like Russian yabloko and Ukrainian yabluko Belarus 18, 19, 5, 3
Bengali আপেল āpel From English (likely) Bangladesh and India 20, 21, 3
Breton aval Old Breton abal, written as a gloss on Latin malum; the same Celtic word as Welsh afal and Cornish aval France 22, 23, 5, 3
Bulgarian ябълка âbʺlka From Proto-Slavic *ablъko. The word names both the apple tree and its fruit Bulgaria 24, 25, 5, 3
Burmese ပန်းသီး pan: dhi: A compound of the words for flower and fruit, not a borrowing. the reading of the parts is the atlas's, from the dictionary's entries for each Myanmar 26, 3
Burushaski báalt Pakistan; also India 5, 27
Cantonese 蘋果 ping4 gwo2 The Chinese word, from pinpo, a transcription of a Sanskrit word, with guo, fruit (likely) Hong Kong, Macao and China 28, 29, 3
Catalan poma From Latin pōma, plural of pōmum, a fleshy fruit Spain and Andorra; also France and Italy 30, 31, 5, 3
Cebuano mansanas Borrowed from Spanish manzanas, the plural of manzana (likely) Philippines 32, 33, 3
Chechen ӏаж ˀaaž Borrowed from an unknown earlier language of the region; no Proto-Nakh form can be reconstructed (uncertain). The word also names the apple tree Russia 5, 34, 3
Chinese (simplified characters) 苹果 píngguǒ From pinpo, a Chinese transcription of a Sanskrit word, shortened and joined to guo, fruit (likely) China and Singapore 5, 35, 29, 3
Chinese (traditional characters) 蘋果 píngguǒ From pinpo, a Chinese transcription of a Sanskrit word, shortened and joined to guo, fruit; the grass radical was added later (likely) Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao 36, 29, 3
Chuvash улма ulma The Turkic word alma in its Chuvash form; Wiktionary takes it as a loan from Tatar (uncertain) Russia 5, 37, 14, 3
Cornish aval A Celtic word, found in Middle Cornish, shared with Welsh afal and Breton aval United Kingdom 38, 23, 3
Croatian jabuka From Proto-Slavic *(j)ablъko, from Indo-European *h₂eph₃ōl. The same word names the tree and its fruit Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 39, 5, 3
Czech jablko From Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko; older Czech also had jablo Czechia 40, 19, 5, 3
Danish æble From Old Norse epli, of the same root as the older Danish abild, apple tree Denmark 41, 5, 3
Dhivehi އާފަލު āfalu From English, directly or through a neighbour (likely) Maldives 42, 43, 3
Dutch appel Old Dutch, about 1100, from Proto-Germanic *apla-; now generally taken to come from a language spoken in northern Europe before Indo-European. The dictionary's reason: the apple is a native tree of northern Europe Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean 2, 5, 3
English apple From Old English æppel; related words run through Germanic, Celtic, Baltic and Slavic, but the root is unknown An official language in 91 territories, from the United Kingdom to New Zealand 44, 5, 3
Esperanto pomo Borrowed from French pomme (likely) A second language for speakers in more than a hundred countries 45, 46, 47, 48
Estonian õun Perhaps a stem shared by the Finnic languages and Mordvin; a borrowing from Indo-Iranian has been suggested but is doubtful (uncertain). Ubin is a dialect word for the apple Estonia 49, 50, 5, 3
Faroese súrepli A compound of súrur, sour, and epli, the old word for apple, which has come to mean the potato (likely) Faroe Islands 51, 52, 3
Finnish omena A Finnic word, related to Estonian õun; perhaps shared with Mordvin, with an Indo-Iranian source suggested but doubted (uncertain) Finland; also Sweden 53, 50, 5, 3
French pomme From Latin poma, plural of pomum, fruit, which in late Latin came to mean the apple, in place of malum France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and 41 other territories 54, 5, 3
Galician mazá From Latin mattiana (mala) Spain 55, 56, 3
Georgian ვაშლი vashli From Old Georgian vashli, from Proto-Georgian-Zan *wašl- (likely) Georgia 5, 57, 3
German Apfel From Old High German aphul (ninth century); related words run through Germanic, Celtic, Baltic and Slavic. Unlike the pear, the cherry and the plum, whose German names came from Latin with Roman fruit growing, the apple kept its Germanic name Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein 58, 3
Greek μήλο mílo From Ancient Greek mēlon Greece and Cyprus 59, 5, 3
Greenlandic iipili From Danish æble (likely) Greenland; also Denmark 5, 60, 3
Gujarati સફરજન safarjan From Persian safarjal, from Arabic safarjal, the quince (likely) India 61, 62, 9, 3
Haitian Creole pòm From French pomme (likely). Pòm kajou is the cashew apple Haiti 63, 64, 3
Hebrew תפוח tapuaḥ A Semitic word, also in Arabic; from a root meaning to scent, the fragrant fruit, or, as Klein thinks likelier, to swell (uncertain). Modern Hebrew names the potato the apple of the earth, after French pomme de terre, and the orange the golden apple Israel 65, 5, 3
Hindi सेब seb From Persian India 66, 3
Hungarian alma An Old Turkic loanword, found in a place name of 1009; in Turkic it is thought to be of Indo-European origin Hungary; also Romania, Slovakia and Serbia 37, 5, 3
Icelandic epli Old Norse epli; an ancient wandering word, says the etymological dictionary, taken early into the Indo-European languages. The same dictionary gives jarðepli for potatoes Iceland 67, 68, 3
Indonesian apel From Dutch appel Indonesia 69, 70, 3
Irish úll From Old Irish aball, ubull; related to Welsh afal and English apple Ireland and the United Kingdom 71, 72, 5, 3
Italian mela From popular Latin mēlum, matching Attic Greek mēlon, in place of classical malum Italy, San Marino, Switzerland and Vatican City 73, 5, 3
Japanese 林檎 ringo From the Chinese name of the native Chinese apple; recorded about 918, read riukō, rinki and rinkin before settling as ringo. It first named the old native apples; Western varieties came in the Meiji era Japan 74, 5, 75, 3
Kannada ಸೇಬು sēbu From Persian sēb, through an Indo-Aryan language (likely) India 76, 77, 3
Kashmiri tsunth The valley's own word; Grierson's dictionary transcribes it ʦū̃ṭh and Lawrence, in 1895, wrote 'tsunt'. Kashmiri is written in the Perso-Arabic script today; the spelling was not verified, so the word is given in roman letters. The Tsunth Kul, the apple-tree canal, is an old waterway of Srinagar. India; also Pakistan 78, 79, 80, 3
Kazakh алма alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma (likely) Kazakhstan 5, 14, 3
Khmer ប៉ោម paom From French pomme Cambodia 81, 3
Korean 사과 sagwa A Sino-Korean word, written with Chinese characters. Its first record, in the Hunmong jahoe of 1527, spells it with characters that literally mean sand fruit South Korea and North Korea 82, 5, 83, 3
Kurdish (Kurmanji) sêv Inherited from Proto-Iranian; related to Persian sīb (likely) Türkiye, Syria and Armenia 5, 84, 3
Kyrgyz алма alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma (likely) Kyrgyzstan 85, 14, 3
Lao ຫມາກປົ່ມ mak pom From French pomme Laos 86, 3
Latin mālum Related to Greek mēlon (Doric mālon), and perhaps borrowed from it (uncertain). Pōmum meant fruit in general; in late Latin its plural poma came to mean the apple, and gave French pomme Ancient Rome, and with its power most of western and southern Europe 87, 73, 88, 54, 89
Latvian ābols From Proto-Baltic *ōbuol(i)a-, shared with Lithuanian obuolys; related to the Slavic, Germanic and Celtic words Latvia 90, 91, 5, 3
Lezgian ич ič A Daghestanian word, akin to Avar ʻeč (likely) Russia 5, 92, 3
Lithuanian obuolys From Proto-Baltic *ōbuol(i)a-; one of the words shared by the north-western Indo-European languages, with Slavic, Germanic and Celtic kin Lithuania 91, 5, 3
Luxembourgish Apel A Germanic word, cognate with German Apfel, Dutch appel and English apple (likely) Luxembourg 93, 94, 3
Macedonian јаболко ǰabolko From Proto-Slavic *ablъko (likely) North Macedonia 95, 96, 3
Malagasy paoma From French pomme. The orchards were stocked with French varieties; the Reinette du Mans became the pomme de Soanindrariny Madagascar 97, 3
Malay epal From English apple (likely) Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore 98, 99, 3
Malayalam ആപ്പിൾ āppiḷ From English (likely) India 100, 101, 3
Maltese tuffieħa From Arabic tuffāḥ (likely). Tuffieħa is one apple; tuffieħ is apples, or the apple as a kind Malta 102, 103, 3
Manx ooyl From Old Irish ubull, through Middle Irish uball; Kelly's dictionary compares Irish ubhal (likely) Isle of Man 104, 105, 106, 3
Māori āporo A loanword from English apple New Zealand 107, 108, 3
Marathi सफरचंद safarchand From Arabic and Persian safarjal, the quince (likely). Marathi also has sev, from Persian seb India 109, 110, 111, 3
Mauritian Creole pom From French pomme Mauritius 112, 113, 3
Mongolian алим alim From Classical Mongolian alima, pear, from Turkic (likely). In China the same Mongolian word means the pear Mongolia 5, 114, 3
Nepali स्याउ syāu From Hindi seb, from Persian. Turner, in 1931, gives seu as the main form and syāu as a variant Nepal; also India 115, 116, 3
Northern Sami eahppel Norway, Sweden and Finland 117, 5, 3
Norwegian Bokmål eple From Old Norse epli Norway 118, 5, 3
Occitan poma From Old Occitan poma, from Latin pōma, plural of pōmum, fruit (likely) France; also Spain 119, 120, 3
Odia ସେଓ seo Set beside Sanskrit seva and Persian sew in the dictionary (likely) India 121, 122, 3
Ojibwe mishiimin Canada and the United States 123, 124
Ossetian фӕткъуы fætkʺuy Unknown (uncertain) Russia and Georgia 5, 125, 3
Pashto مڼه maṇa A migratory word related to the Turkic almïla (uncertain). Raverty's dictionary of 1867 spells it maṟṟṉah Afghanistan and Pakistan 5, 126, 127, 3
Persian سیب sīb Inherited from Middle Persian sēb (likely) Iran and Afghanistan 9, 128, 3
Plains Cree picikwâs Canada and the United States 129, 130
Polish jabłko From Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko Poland 131, 19, 5, 3
Portuguese maçã From Latin mala matiana, the apples of Matius Brazil, Portugal, Angola, Mozambique and six other territories 132, 3
Punjabi ਸੇਬ seb Either borrowed from Classical Persian sēb or inherited from Sanskrit sevi; ultimately Iranian (uncertain) India; also Canada and the United Kingdom 133, 134, 3
Quechua mansana Borrowed from Spanish manzana (likely). The apple tree is mansana mallki Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador 135, 136, 3
Romanian măr From Latin melum, the popular form of malum Romania and Moldova 137, 73, 5, 3
Romansh mail From late Latin mēlum, from Latin mālum (likely) Switzerland 138, 139, 3
Russian яблоко âbloko From Proto-Slavic *ablъko, from *āblu-; related to Lithuanian obuolys and Old High German apful Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan 25, 5, 3
Sanskrit सेवि sevi In the sense apple, probably from Persian seb. The word is known from the old Sanskrit lexicons, where it first names the jujube India 140, 3
Scots aipple The Scots form of apple, spelt as it is commonly said; the word goes back to Old English æppel United Kingdom 141, 44, 3
Scottish Gaelic ubhal From Old Irish aball, ubull; MacBain reconstructs *aballo-, related to Welsh afal and English apple United Kingdom 72, 3
Serbian јабука jabuka From Proto-Slavic *ablъko, like Croatian jabuka. Vuk's dictionary of 1818 gives the word for both the tree and the apple Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro 142, 95, 25, 3
Sinhala ඇපල් æpal From English (likely) Sri Lanka 143, 144, 3
Slovak jablko From Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko Slovakia 145, 19, 5, 3
Slovene jabolko From Proto-Slavic *ablъko Slovenia 146, 25, 5, 3
Somali tufaax From Arabic tuffāḥ (likely) Somalia; also Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti 147, 148, 3
Spanish manzana From older mazana, from Latin Mattiana mala, the apples of Matius, a writer on farming of the first century BC Spain, Equatorial Guinea and 19 countries and territories of the Americas 149, 5, 3
Swahili tufaha From Arabic tuffāḥ. In Madan's Zanzibar dictionary of 1903 the older form tofaa was the Malay apple Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 150, 151, 3
Swedish äpple From Old Swedish äple, kin to Old Norse epli and Danish æble Sweden, Finland and the Åland Islands 152, 3
Tagalog mansanas From Spanish manzana, with the Spanish plural ending Philippines 153, 154, 155
Tahitian 'āpara A loan from English apple. 'Āpara feti'a, the star apple, is Chrysophyllum cainito French Polynesia 156, 3
Tajik себ seb Inherited from Classical Persian sēb (likely) Tajikistan 157, 158, 3
Tamil ஆப்பிள் āppiḷ From English (likely) India, Sri Lanka and Singapore 159, 160, 3
Tatar алма alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma (likely) Russia 5, 14, 3
Thai แอปเปิล aeppoen From English (likely) Thailand 161, 162, 3
Turkish elma From Old Turkic alma, recorded in 1073; probably from an ancient source shared with Greek mēlon and Latin mālum. The word names both the tree and its fruit Türkiye and Cyprus 163, 164, 5, 3
Turkmen alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma (likely) Turkmenistan; also Iran and Afghanistan 165, 14, 3
Ukrainian яблуко âbluko From Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko; related to Lithuanian obuolys and Old High German apful Ukraine 19, 5, 3
Urdu سیب seb From Persian Pakistan and India 111, 3
Uyghur ئالما alma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma, through Chagatai (likely) China 166, 14, 3
Uzbek olma Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alma, through Chagatai (likely). The word names both the tree and its fruit Uzbekistan 167, 5, 14, 3
Vietnamese táo Sino-Vietnamese, from the Chinese word for the jujube or date tree (likely). The apple is also called táo tây, the Western táo Vietnam 168, 169, 170, 3
Welsh afal Perhaps from Celtic *abalo-; related to Cornish and Breton aval, Old Irish ubull and Old English æppel United Kingdom; also Argentina 23, 5, 3
Xhosa i-apile Borrowed from English apple. The apple tree is um-apile South Africa 171, 172, 3
Zulu i-apula From English apple. Doke and Vilakazi give the word for both the apple and the apple tree South Africa; also Lesotho and Eswatini 173, 174, 3

How the words are related

One northern word. German Apfel, English apple, Welsh afal, Lithuanian obuolys and Russian яблоко descend from one old word. German had aphul by the ninth century; its relatives run through Celtic, Baltic and Slavic11,12. German took the names of pear, cherry and plum from Latin with Roman fruit growing; the apple kept its own11.

The south’s words come from Latin. Popular Latin mēlum, in place of classical mālum, gave Italian mela and Romanian măr13,14. French pomme comes from poma, the plural of pōmum, “fruit”, which took the apple’s name in late Latin15. Spanish manzana and Portuguese maçã go back to the Mattiana mala, named after Gaius Matius, a first-century BC writer on farming16,10.

Persian, Turkic and Semitic words travelled far. Persian was the prestige language of Muslim northern India2, and Platts marks Urdu seb as a Persian word3. Nepali took the word through Hindi17, and the Sanskrit lexicons list sevi as an apple, probably from Persian18. Turkic alma, recorded in 107319, was borrowed by Hungarian, where alma appears in a place name of 100920. Hebrew tapuaḥ has its counterpart in Arabic tuffāḥ21.

Colonial rule added a layer. Indonesian apel is marked Dutch6 and Malay epal comes from English7. Malagasy paoma8 and Khmer paom22 are French pomme; Tagalog mansanas is Spanish23; Zulu i-apula comes from English24. Burmese built its own word from those for flower and fruit9.

East Asia named the apple from China. Chinese píngguǒ joins a shortened transcription of a Sanskrit word to guǒ, fruit25. Japanese ringo is the Chinese name of a native Chinese apple, recorded in Japan about 91826.

Where the sources disagree

  • The northern word. Vasmer judges it Indo-European, not a loan12. The Dutch etymological dictionary reports the view, now general, that it comes from a language of northern Europe older than Indo-European27; the Icelandic one calls it an ancient wandering word28. Pfeifer finds no single Indo-European form11; the Croatian language portal reconstructs one, *h₂eph₃ōl29.
  • Turkic alma. The Hungarian dictionary takes the Turkic word itself to be Indo-European, probably a wandering word20. Nişanyan thinks one Bronze Age source for several languages likely, and notes Erdal’s case for an Indo-Iranian one19.
  • Nepali. Turner derives syāu from Hindi seb and Persian17; Wiktionary, from Sanskrit sevi30.
  • Hebrew. Most lexicographers derive tapuaḥ from a root meaning to scent, “the scenting fruit”; Klein thinks one meaning to swell more probable21.
  • Chuvash. The Hungarian dictionary counts ulma among the Turkic forms behind alma20; Wiktionary takes it as a loan from Tatar31.
  • Words that changed fruit. Arabic safarjal is the quince, yet Marathi and Gujarati made it the apple3,4,5. In Madan’s Swahili dictionary of 1903, tofaa is the Malay apple1. Faroese epli now usually means the potato, so the apple is súrepli, the sour one32. Mongolian alim is the apple in Mongolia but the pear in China33.

Sources

  1. Swahili-English Dictionary, entries Mtofaa and Tofaa, A. C. Madan, Oxford, 1903, Internet Archive. Supports: tofaa as the fruit of the mtofaa, identified as Jambosa malaccensis.
  2. India xiv. Persian Literature in India, Encyclopaedia Iranica. Supports: Persian's standing in Muslim northern India and under Akbar.
  3. A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English, entries seb and safarjal, J. T. Platts, 1884, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: Urdu seb marked Persian; safarjal as the quince.
  4. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, entry safarjal, F. J. Steingass, 1892, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: safarjal as the quince.
  5. सफरचंद and સફરજન, Wiktionary. Supports: the derivation of the Marathi and Gujarati words from safarjal.
  6. Indonesian dictionary (Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings), entry apel, SEAlang Library. Supports: apel marked as Dutch.
  7. epal, Wiktionary. Supports: Malay epal from English.
  8. paoma, Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia. Supports: paoma from French, and the French varieties of the highlands.
  9. Myanmar-English Dictionary (Myanmar Language Commission, 1993), SEAlang Library. Supports: the Burmese word and its parts.
  10. maçã, Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa. Supports: the Latin origin of the Portuguese word.
  11. Apfel, Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, DWDS. Supports: Old High German aphul in the ninth century; the Celtic, Baltic and Slavic relatives; German pear, cherry and plum named from Latin while the apple kept its Germanic name; no single Indo-European base form.
  12. я́блоко, Max Vasmer, Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, Lexicography.online. Supports: the Slavic words and their Baltic, Germanic and Celtic relatives; an Indo-European word, not a loan.
  13. mela, Vocabolario Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. Supports: Italian mela from popular Latin mēlum, in place of classical malum.
  14. măr, Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române (DEX '09), dexonline. Supports: Romanian măr from Latin melum.
  15. pomme, Trésor de la langue française informatisé, CNRTL (ATILF, CNRS and Université de Lorraine). Supports: French pomme from Latin poma, plural of pomum, fruit, which took the sense apple in late Latin.
  16. manzana, Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española and ASALE. Supports: Spanish manzana from Latin Mattiāna mala, after C. Matius, a writer on agriculture of the first century BC.
  17. A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language, page 619, entry sēu, R. L. Turner, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, 1931. Supports: Nepali seu or syāu, a loanword from Hindi seb, from Persian.
  18. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 1247, entry sevi, Monier Monier-Williams, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries, 1899. Supports: Sanskrit sevi, the jujube and, in the lexicons, an apple, in that sense probably from Persian seb.
  19. elma, Sevan Nişanyan, Nişanyan Sözlük. Supports: Old Turkic alma, recorded in 1073; a common Bronze Age source for the fruit's name in several languages as likely; Erdal's case for an Indo-Iranian source.
  20. alma, Új magyar etimológiai szótár (New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian), Gerstner Károly and others, Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont. Supports: Hungarian alma as an Old Turkic loanword, found in a place name of 1009; Chuvash ulma among the Turkic forms; the Turkic word as Indo-European in origin, probably a wandering word.
  21. תַּפּוּחַ, Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English, Sefaria. Supports: the Hebrew word and its Arabic counterpart; most lexicographers' derivation from a root meaning to scent, and Klein's from one meaning to swell.
  22. Khmer dictionary, search for apple, SEAlang Library. Supports: Khmer paom from French pomme.
  23. mansanas, Diksiyonaryo.ph. Supports: Tagalog mansanas from Spanish manzana.
  24. Zulu-English Dictionary, entry -apula, C. M. Doke and B. W. Vilakazi, second edition, Witwatersrand University Press; read at Emandulo, University of Cape Town, 1972. Supports: Zulu i(li)apula from English.
  25. 蘋果, Wiktionary. Supports: Chinese píngguǒ from a shortened transcription of a Sanskrit word joined to guǒ, fruit.
  26. 林檎, Kotobank: Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (Shogakukan). Supports: Japanese ringo as the Chinese name of the native Chinese apple, recorded in Japan about 918.
  27. appel 1 (vrucht), Etymologiebank, from the Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands. Supports: the view, now general, that the word is a substrate word from an earlier language of northern Europe.
  28. epli, Íslensk orðsifjabók, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar (Árni Magnússon Institute). Supports: the word as hardly Indo-European, an ancient wandering word.
  29. jabuka, Hrvatski jezični portal, Znanje and Srce. Supports: the Indo-European reconstruction *h2eph3ōl.
  30. स्याउ, Wiktionary. Supports: Nepali syāu as inherited from Sanskrit sevi.
  31. Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma, Wiktionary. Supports: Chuvash ulma as likely borrowed from Tatar.
  32. súrepli, Wiktionary. Supports: Faroese epli, once the apple, now the common word for the potato; súrepli, from súrur, sour, for the apple.
  33. алим, Wiktionary. Supports: Mongolian alim as the apple in Mongolia and the pear in China.

Sources for the table

  1. appel, Wiktionary. Supports: the Afrikaans word and its Dutch origin.
  2. appel 1 (vrucht), Etymologiebank, from the Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands. Supports: the Dutch word's age.
  3. Language-Territory Information, Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49. Supports: where each language is spoken.
  4. mollë, Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe (Academy of Sciences of Albania, 2006), Fjalorthi. Supports: the word: the fruit tree and its round, fleshy fruit.
  5. NorthEuraLex 0.9, concept "apple", Johannes Dellert, Thora Daneyko, Alla Münch and others, University of Tübingen. Supports: the word for apple in the languages of northern Eurasia it records, with pronunciations.
  6. mollë, Wiktionary. Supports: Proto-Albanian *mālā and its uncertain relation to Greek and Latin.
  7. yaavlukax̂, Wiktionary, citing Knut Bergsland, Aleut Dictionary (1994). Supports: the spelling, the variant yaablukax̂ and the borrowing from Russian.
  8. Aleut, Glottolog 5.3, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the countries where it is spoken.
  9. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, entry tuffāḥ, F. J. Steingass, 1892, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word and its gloss.
  10. تفاح, Wiktionary. Supports: the Semitic cognates.
  11. խնձոր, Wiktionary. Supports: the Old Armenian word and its borrowing from Hurrian (or Urartian).
  12. Candrakanta Abhidhana, entry āpela, Candrakanta Abhidhana, second edition, Gauhati University, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, 1962. Supports: the word, a kind of fruit, marked as from English apple.
  13. гӏеч, Wiktionary. Supports: the kinship with Lezgian ič and the romanisation.
  14. Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma, Wiktionary. Supports: Azerbaijani alma among the West Oghuz descendants of Proto-Turkic *alma, through Old Anatolian Turkish.
  15. sagar, Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia, Euskaltzaindia (the Royal Academy of the Basque Language). Supports: the word: the fruit of the apple tree.
  16. Etymological Dictionary of the Basque Language, entry sagar, Michel Morvan (CNRS), projetbabel.org, 2025. Supports: sagar recorded from 1089, from reconstructed *sagar.
  17. Basque language, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Supports: Basque as a language isolate, the only remnant of the languages of south-western Europe before Romanisation, used mainly in an area of Spain and France.
  18. яблык, Тлумачальны слоўнік беларускай мовы (Explanatory Dictionary of Belarusian), Skarnik. Supports: the word: the juicy fruit of the apple tree.
  19. я́блуко, Етимологічний словник української мови (Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language), via Goroh. Supports: Ukrainian yabluko and the Slavic words (Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian) from Proto-Slavic (j)ablъko, from Indo-European *āblu-; the Baltic, Germanic and Celtic relatives; Abella, the Campanian town famed for apples; a suggested substrate origin.
  20. Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary, entry আপেল, Sailendra Biswas, 2000, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word.
  21. আপেল, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  22. aval, Martial Menard, Devri, le dictionnaire diachronique du breton. Supports: the word, 'pomme'; Old Breton abal glossing Latin malum; Middle Breton aual, 1499.
  23. afal, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (University of Wales Dictionary). Supports: the word; its relatives Middle Cornish aval, Old Breton abal (glossing Latin malum), Breton aval, Old Irish ubull and Old English æppel; a possible source *abalo-.
  24. ябълка, Речник на българския език (Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language), Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Supports: the word, both the apple tree and its fruit.
  25. я́блоко, Max Vasmer, Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, Lexicography.online. Supports: Russian yabloko and its Slavic kin (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Sorbian); Proto-Slavic *ablъko from *āblu-; the Baltic, Germanic and Celtic relatives; Abella in Campania, famed for its apples; an Indo-European word, not a loan.
  26. Myanmar-English Dictionary (Myanmar Language Commission, 1993), entries ပန်းသီး, ပန်း and သီး, SEAlang Library. Supports: the word for apple and the words for flower and fruit.
  27. Burushaski, Glottolog 5.3, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the countries where it is spoken.
  28. 蘋果, Words.hk (粵典). Supports: the Cantonese word and its Jyutping reading ping4 gwo2: a fruit, apple.
  29. 蘋果, Wiktionary. Supports: the origin in pinpo, a Chinese transcription of a Sanskrit word, shortened and joined to guo, fruit; the Mandarin and Cantonese readings.
  30. poma, Diccionari de la llengua catalana, second edition (DIEC2), Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Supports: the word and its meaning.
  31. poma, Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB), dcvb.iec.cat. Supports: the word and its origin in Latin pōma, plural of pōmum, a fleshy fruit without a hard shell.
  32. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan, entry mansánas, John U. Wolff, Cornell University, Project Gutenberg, 1972. Supports: the word, apple.
  33. mansanas, Wiktionary. Supports: the borrowing from Spanish manzanas.
  34. ӏаж, Wiktionary. Supports: the borrowing from a substrate language, the failed Proto-Nakh reconstruction, the romanisation and the sense apple tree.
  35. 苹果, Wiktionary. Supports: 苹果 as the simplified form of 蘋果.
  36. 蘋果, Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (重編國語辭典修訂本), Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Supports: the word in traditional characters, with its Zhuyin reading.
  37. alma, Új magyar etimológiai szótár (New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian), Gerstner Károly and others, Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont, 2011–2024. Supports: the word, recorded in a place name in 1009 and as the fruit from 1225; an Old Turkic loanword, cf. Chuvash ulma; Indo-European in origin within Turkic; probably a wandering word spread over a huge area.
  38. aval, Gerlyver Kernewek (cornishdictionary.org.uk). Supports: the word, its plurals and the meaning apple.
  39. jabuka, Hrvatski jezični portal, Znanje and Srce. Supports: the word, both the apple tree and its fruit; Proto-Slavic *(j)ablъko, from Indo-European *h2eph3ōl.
  40. jablko, Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR. Supports: the word: the fruit of the apple tree.
  41. æble, Den Danske Ordbog, Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab. Supports: the word, and its origin in Old Norse epli, of the same root as older Danish abild, apple tree.
  42. English-Maldives Dhivehi dictionary, entry apple, Two Thousand Isles, 2017. Supports: the word.
  43. އާފަލު, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  44. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, entry Apple, Walter W. Skeat, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Internet Archive, 1911. Supports: Middle English appel and Old English æppel; the related words in Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, German, Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Russian and Lithuanian; root unknown.
  45. pomo, Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto (PIV), vortaro.net. Supports: the word and its meaning.
  46. pomo, Reta Vortaro. Supports: the word, the fruit of the apple tree, marked as a root of Zamenhof's Universala Vortaro.
  47. pomo, Wiktionary. Supports: the borrowing from French pomme.
  48. Esperanto, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Supports: Esperanto as a language published by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, used as a second language in more than a hundred countries.
  49. õun, Sõnaveeb, EKI ühendsõnastik 2026, Institute of the Estonian Language. Supports: the word, with ubin as a dialect synonym.
  50. õun, Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat (Estonian Etymological Dictionary), Institute of the Estonian Language. Supports: Estonian õun and its Finnic and Mordvin kin (Finnish omena, Votic õuna, Livonian umār, Erzya umaŕ); possibly a Finnic-Mordvin stem; a suggested Indo-Iranian loan, which it calls doubtful.
  51. epli, ISLEX, Icelandic–Nordic dictionary, Árni Magnússon Institute (Faroese edition). Supports: súrepli as the Faroese for Icelandic epli, apple.
  52. súrepli, Wiktionary. Supports: the compound of súrur and epli, and epli's shift to mean the potato.
  53. omena, Kielitoimiston sanakirja, Institute for the Languages of Finland. Supports: the word: the round fruit of the apple tree.
  54. pomme, Trésor de la langue française informatisé, CNRTL (ATILF, CNRS and Université de Lorraine). Supports: the word, first found about 1100; from Latin poma, plural of pomum, fruit, which took the sense apple in late Latin, competing with classical malum.
  55. mazá, Dicionario da Real Academia Galega. Supports: the word and its meaning.
  56. maçã, Dicionário Estraviz. Supports: the origin in Latin mattiana (mala), under the dictionary's spelling maçã.
  57. ვაშლი, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Old Georgian and Proto-Georgian-Zan *wašl-.
  58. Apfel, Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, DWDS. Supports: the word; Old High German aphul, ninth century; its kin in every Germanic language and its Celtic, Baltic and Slavic relatives; the Germanic name kept where pear, cherry and plum took Latin ones.
  59. μήλο, Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Centre for the Greek Language. Supports: the word, its pronunciation [mílo], and its origin in Ancient Greek mēlon.
  60. iipili, Wiktionary. Supports: the borrowing from Danish æble.
  61. સફરજન, Gujaratilexicon. Supports: the word.
  62. સફરજન, Wiktionary. Supports: the derivation from safarjal.
  63. Haitian Creole–English Dictionary, entries pòm, Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo, second printing, Dunwoody Press; read at Hope for Haiti's Children. Supports: the word, also ponm, apple; pòm kajou, the cashew apple.
  64. pòm, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from French pomme.
  65. תַּפּוּחַ, Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English, Sefaria. Supports: the apple tree and the apple; most lexicographers derive the word from a base meaning to blow or scent, 'the scenting fruit', Klein more probably from one meaning to swell or be round; also found in Arabic; the Modern Hebrew words for the potato, apple of the earth, a loan translation of French pomme de terre, and the orange, golden apple.
  66. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, entry सेब, R. S. McGregor, 1993, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word, given as from Persian seb.
  67. epli, Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók, Árni Magnússon Institute. Supports: the word and its meaning.
  68. epli, Íslensk orðsifjabók, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar (Árni Magnússon Institute). Supports: the origin: kin across the Germanic languages and in Slavic, Lithuanian and Old Irish; hardly Indo-European in origin but an ancient wandering word taken early into Indo-European languages; the place name Abella named after apple growing rather than the reverse.
  69. apel, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Supports: the word.
  70. Indonesian dictionary (Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings), entry apel, SEAlang Library. Supports: the word marked as Dutch.
  71. úll, Niall Ó Dónaill, Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (1977), teanglann.ie, Foras na Gaeilge. Supports: the word and its meaning.
  72. An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, entry ubhal, Alexander MacBain, 1911, Wikisource, 1911. Supports: Gaelic ubhal, apple; Irish ubhall, Early Irish uball, ubull, Old Irish aball; the related Welsh, Cornish, Breton, English, German and Lithuanian words; the reconstruction *aballo-.
  73. mela, Vocabolario Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. Supports: the word; from popular Latin mēlum (Attic Greek mēlon) in place of classical malum (Doric Greek mālon).
  74. 林檎, Kotobank: Digital Daijisen (Shogakukan) and Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (Shogakukan). Supports: the word; its first record about 918; its first meaning, the native apples grown before Western apples spread; Western varieties brought in the Meiji era; the old Chinese names, with linqin for the native Chinese fruit; the readings riukō, rinki and rinkin before ringo.
  75. 林檎, Wiktionary. Supports: the Hepburn romanisation ringo.
  76. A Kannada-English Dictionary, entry ಸೇಬು, F. Kittel, 1894, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word and its comparison with Sanskrit sevi and Hindustani.
  77. ಸೇಬು, Wiktionary. Supports: the Persian origin.
  78. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, entry ʦū̃ṭhu, George A. Grierson, 1916–1932, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word and its gloss.
  79. The Valley of Kashmír, Walter R. Lawrence, 1895, Internet Archive. Supports: the spelling 'tsunt' and the apple as native to the valley.
  80. Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī, volume 2, M. A. Stein, translator, 1900, Internet Archive. Supports: the Tsunth Kul, 'the apple-tree canal'.
  81. Khmer dictionary, search for apple, SEAlang Library. Supports: the word, its romanisation paom, and its origin in French pomme.
  82. 사과 (沙果/砂果), Standard Korean Language Dictionary (표준국어대사전), National Institute of Korean Language. Supports: the word, the fruit of the apple tree, written in Chinese characters 沙果 or 砂果; its near-synonyms binpa and pyeonggwa.
  83. 사과, Wiktionary. Supports: the first record in 1527 and the romanisation.
  84. sêv, Wiktionary. Supports: the Proto-Iranian origin and the relatives in Central Kurdish, Persian and Balochi.
  85. алма, K. K. Yudakhin, Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary (1965), Eurasica. Supports: the word: apple, and (more exactly alma zhygachy) apple tree.
  86. Lao dictionary, search for apple, SEAlang Library. Supports: the word for apple, marked as French.
  87. malum, Logeion (entry from its Latin dictionaries). Supports: mālum as fruit of the apple kind, an apple.
  88. malum, Wiktionary. Supports: the possible borrowing from Doric Greek mâlon.
  89. Latin language, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Supports: Latin as first spoken along the lower Tiber, spreading with Roman power through Italy and most of western and southern Europe.
  90. ābols, Tēzaurs, the Latvian dictionary portal of LU MII. Supports: the word: the round fruit of the apple tree.
  91. obuolỹs, Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė (Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary Database). Supports: Lithuanian obuolys and Latvian âbuols, ābols, from Proto-Baltic *ōbuol(i)a-; their Slavic, Germanic and Celtic relatives; a word typical of the north-western Indo-European languages.
  92. гӏеч, Wiktionary. Supports: the kinship of Avar ʻeč with Lezgian ič, and the romanisation ič.
  93. Apel, Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire (LOD), Zenter fir d'Lëtzebuerger Sprooch. Supports: the word, its plural Äppel and its German, French and English equivalents.
  94. Apel, Wiktionary. Supports: the cognates in German, Dutch, West Frisian and English.
  95. јаболко, Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digital Dictionary of the Macedonian Language). Supports: the Macedonian word, the fruit of the apple tree, with its English, Serbian, Albanian, Bulgarian and Greek equivalents.
  96. јаболко, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Proto-Slavic.
  97. paoma, Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia. Supports: the word, its French origin and the French varieties.
  98. epal, Kamus Dewan, 4th edition, Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Supports: the word.
  99. epal, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  100. apple, Olam English-Malayalam dictionary. Supports: the word.
  101. ആപ്പിൾ, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  102. Concept list Luniewska 2019 299, concept "apple", Concepticon 3.4.0, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the word for apple in the languages of a cross-linguistic study of word learning.
  103. tuffieħ, Wiktionary. Supports: the collective tuffieħ, its singulative tuffieħa and the Arabic origin.
  104. The Manx Dictionary, entries Ooyl and Apple, John Kelly, Manx Society edition, Internet Archive, 1866. Supports: ooyl, an apple, compared with Irish ubhal.
  105. Spoken Dictionary: Food and Drink, Learn Manx, Culture Vannin. Supports: the word in use today.
  106. ooyl, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Middle Irish uball and Old Irish ubull.
  107. āporo, Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Supports: the word, marked as a loanword.
  108. āporo, Wiktionary. Supports: the source of the loan, English apple.
  109. Marathi Bruhadkosh, entries सेव and शेव, bruhadkosh.org. Supports: safarchand as the gloss for the apple, and sev from Persian.
  110. सफरचंद, Wiktionary. Supports: the derivation from safarjal.
  111. A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English, entry safarjal, J. T. Platts, 1884, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: safarjal meaning quince.
  112. pom, Wiktionary, citing Baker and Hookoomsing (1987) and Carpooran (2011). Supports: the word and its origin.
  113. Korek: a beginner's guide to Mauritian Creole, 4th edition, French at Melbourne. Supports: the glossary entry apple: pom.
  114. алим, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Classical Mongolian 'pear', from Turkic, and the two senses in Mongolia and China.
  115. A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language, page 619, entry sēu, R. L. Turner, 1931, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word, also spelt syau or syāu, an apple; a loanword from Hindi seb, from Persian.
  116. स्याउ, Wiktionary. Supports: the present spelling and its romanisation.
  117. eahppel, Sátni.org (Pekka Sammallahti's North Sami–Finnish dictionary and the Giellatekno dictionaries). Supports: the word, given for Finnish omena and Norwegian eple.
  118. eple, Bokmålsordboka, Språkrådet and the University of Bergen. Supports: the word and its origin in Old Norse epli.
  119. pomme, dicod'Òc, Lo Congrès permanent de la lenga occitana. Supports: poma as the Occitan for the fruit, common to Gascon and Languedocien.
  120. poma, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Old Occitan poma and Latin pōma.
  121. Purnnachandra Odia Bhashakosha, entry Seo, Gopal Chandra Praharaj, 1931–1940, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word, apple, Pyrus malus, a fruit grown in Kashmir; its comparison with Sanskrit seva and Persian sew.
  122. ସେଓ, Wiktionary. Supports: a derivation from Sanskrit sevi.
  123. mishiimin, The Ojibwe People's Dictionary, University of Minnesota. Supports: the word, an apple, its plural mishiiminag, and mishiiminaatig, an apple tree.
  124. Chippewa, Glottolog 5.3, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the countries where it is spoken.
  125. фӕткъуы, Wiktionary. Supports: the unknown origin.
  126. A Dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or Language of the Afghans, page 942, H. G. Raverty, 1867, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word, in the older spelling maṟṟṉah, an apple.
  127. مڼه, Wiktionary. Supports: the migratory origin and the romanisation.
  128. سیب, Wiktionary. Supports: the Middle Persian origin.
  129. Search: apple, itwêwina, the Plains Cree dictionary of the Alberta Language Technology Lab, University of Alberta. Supports: picikwâs, apple, as given by its source dictionaries.
  130. Plains Cree, Glottolog 5.3, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the countries where it is spoken.
  131. jabłko, Słownik języka polskiego PWN. Supports: the word: the fruit of the apple tree.
  132. maçã, Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa. Supports: the word and its Latin origin.
  133. The Panjabi Dictionary, page 1034, entries Se and Seb, Bhai Maya Singh, 1895, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Supports: the word, an apple, 'largely cultivated in Kashmir'.
  134. ਸੇਬ, Wiktionary. Supports: the two possible origins and the Iranian source.
  135. Nuevo diccionario español-quechua, quechua-español, volume 1, entries manzana and manzano, Julio Calvo Pérez, Academia Peruana de la Lengua, Lima, 2022. Supports: mansana for the apple, the fruit of the apple tree, and mansana mallki for the tree.
  136. mansana, Wiktionary. Supports: the borrowing from Spanish.
  137. măr, Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române (DEX '09), dexonline. Supports: the word, and its origin in Latin melum.
  138. mail, Pledari Grond, dictionary of Rumantsch Grischun, Lia Rumantscha. Supports: the word, given for German Apfel.
  139. mail, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from late Latin mēlum and Latin mālum.
  140. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 1247, entry sevi, Monier Monier-Williams, 1899, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries. Supports: sevi as the jujube and, from the native lexicons, an apple, in that sense probably from Persian seb.
  141. Aipple, Scottish National Dictionary, Dictionaries of the Scots Language, 1934. Supports: aipple as a frequent Scots spelling of apple, showing the common pronunciation; also aippul, aypil.
  142. Српски рјечник (Serbian Dictionary), entry Јабука, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Vienna, Internet Archive, 1818. Supports: the word, as both the apple tree (Latin malus) and the apple (malum).
  143. apple, Madura English-Sinhala Dictionary. Supports: the word.
  144. ඇපල්, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  145. jablko, Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka, Jazykovedný ústav Ľ. Štúra SAV. Supports: the word: the round, fleshy fruit of the apple tree.
  146. jabolko, Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ²), Fran, ZRC SAZU. Supports: the word: the fruit of the apple tree.
  147. Qaamuus Soomaali-Carabi, letter T, Daruur. Supports: tufaax paired with the Arabic word.
  148. tufaax, Wiktionary. Supports: the Arabic origin.
  149. manzana, Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española and ASALE. Supports: the word; from obsolete mazana, from Latin Mattiāna mala, apples of Matius, after C. Matius, a writer on agriculture of the first century BC.
  150. tufaha, Wiktionary. Supports: the word and the Arabic origin.
  151. Swahili-English Dictionary, entries Mtofaa and Tofaa, A. C. Madan, Oxford, 1903, Internet Archive. Supports: tofaa as the fruit of the mtofaa, Jambosa malaccensis.
  152. äpple, Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB) and Svensk ordbok, Svenska Akademien. Supports: the word; its origin in Old Swedish äple; its Danish, Old Norse, Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian kin.
  153. mansanas, Diksiyonaryo.ph. Supports: the word, a small tree (Pyrus malus) and its fruit, from Spanish manzana with -s.
  154. mansanas, Wiktionary. Supports: the spelling and the borrowing from Spanish manzanas.
  155. Tagalog, Glottolog 5, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Supports: the country where it is spoken.
  156. Dictionnaire en ligne (search: pomme), Académie tahitienne – Fare Vāna'a. Supports: the word, a loan from English apple, and the star apple.
  157. яблоко, Русско-таджикский словарь (Russian-Tajik Dictionary), Academic.ru. Supports: seb as the Tajik for Russian yabloko, apple.
  158. себ, Wiktionary. Supports: the descent from Classical Persian sēb.
  159. apple, Cambridge English–Tamil Dictionary. Supports: the word, in its examples: apple pie, apple tree.
  160. ஆப்பிள், Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  161. Thai dictionary, entry แอปเปิล, SEAlang Library. Supports: the word.
  162. แอปเปิล, Wiktionary. Supports: the English origin.
  163. elma, Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu. Supports: the word, both the apple tree and its fruit.
  164. elma, Sevan Nişanyan, Nişanyan Sözlük: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojisi. Supports: Old Turkic alma, first recorded in Kashgari's dictionary of 1073; the comparison with Greek mēlon and Latin mālum; a common source likely for the name of a fruit that spread from inner West Asia in the Bronze Age; Erdal's case (1993) for an Indo-Iranian source.
  165. alma, Türkmen diliniň düşündirişli sözlügi (Explanatory Dictionary of Turkmen), Ene dilim. Supports: the word: a round fruit and the tree that bears it.
  166. ئالما, Uyghurman online Uyghur dictionary (Uyghur–English). Supports: the word, alma in Uyghur Latin, an apple.
  167. olma, O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati (Explanatory Dictionary of Uzbek), Izoh.uz. Supports: the word: the fruit tree of the rose family, and its fruit.
  168. táo, VDict, Vietnamese–English dictionary. Supports: the word: apple, and also the jujube.
  169. táo, Wiktionary. Supports: the Sino-Vietnamese origin and the senses apple and jujube.
  170. táo tây, Wiktionary. Supports: táo tây as táo plus tây, Western.
  171. A Concise English-Xhosa Dictionary, entry Apple, J. McLaren, Longmans, Green and Co.; read at Emandulo, University of Cape Town, 1923. Supports: i-apile, apple, and um-apile, apple tree.
  172. An examination of how loanwords in a corpus of spoken and written contemporary isiXhosa are incorporated into the noun class system of isiXhosa, Liziwe Futuse, MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, OpenUCT, 2018. Supports: iapile as the borrowed form of English apple, in the noun class used for adopted fruits.
  173. Zulu-English Dictionary, entry -apula, C. M. Doke and B. W. Vilakazi, second edition, Witwatersrand University Press; read at Emandulo, University of Cape Town, 1972. Supports: the word, apple and apple tree, with its forms i(li)apula and i(li)yapula, from English.
  174. An Introduction to Zulu Language, Peace Corps South Africa. Supports: the word as written today, i-apula.